Civil society and the Internet activate each other in their coevolutionary development. The Internet facilitates the civil society activities by introducing new and transforming existing social practices. Civil society contributes to the development of the Internet by providing the necessary social base – citizens and their groups – for communication and interaction.

This article discusses the current state and main trends in the development of innovative activities of the enterprise. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards the formation of divisions by enterprises in order to secure an innovative development as well as departments for the development of innovative projects and the creation of Lin laboratories. Implementation of such innovative projects and introduction of innovations in enterprises is the main factor of market competition. It is determined that the intensity of innovative developments and improving the quality of human resources increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise. Still a signifcant factor in the innovation activity of the enterprise is the proper need of the enterprise for innovations and the desire to implement them. It is worth focusing on organizational innovations in more detail, since that is the area where the largest decrease in the share of organizations by 0.6% in 2018 compared to 2015 is observed. It is exactly the type of innovations that affects the process of personnel management to a greater extent. Organizational innovations are subject to the fashion fluctuations, and companies are increasingly trying to implement the principles and methods of managing the turquoise organizations as innovative changes. A signifcant sign of the company’s innovative activity is the proper need of the company for innovations and the desire to implement them. The most common issues of innovative development of Russian enterprises are considered. For example, a key issue of implementing organizational innovations is the discrepancy between fashionable new trends and corporate culture. It is worth noting that at each stage of the company’s development, there is a change in the type of culture. In practice, Russian companies are at the stage of a culture of strength: few of them, while maintaining a culture of strength, have skipped the stage of rules and discipline and are implementing their activities with elements of a culture of success. Methods and tools of personnel management should be used taking into account the specifcs of the type of culture in the enterprise. Examples of successful and unsuccessful implementation of innovations in the enterprise are given, taking into account the specifcs of the type of culture, as well as the consequences of using these innovations. It is considered as completely unacceptable if an organization uses tools that are not appropriate for the next level of corporate culture, but for an even higher level. It is worth noting that the introduction of innovations is impossible without defning the strategy, goals and concept of development at the enterprise.

Digitalization is becoming a powerful transformative factor in the modern economy, spawning new industries and modernizing traditional ones. The service sector is becoming one of those traditional industries. Digitalization is taking the industry to a new level with an ever-expanding horizon – the emerging sharing economy [collaborative consumption economy (CCE)] (ESP). The ESP service segment is complemented by a sharing economy (ESI), i. e. production services, forming a general sharing model as a symbiosis of production, exchange and consumption, gradually integrating this system into the model of the modern economy. The article considers ESP as part of the sharing economy, contributing to the formation of anti-consumerism, with a high degree of consumer responsibility to the environment, inclusiveness. The sharing model is interpreted as a symbiosis of ESP and ESI. The economy of sharing in combination with ESP gives the interpretation of sharing the necessary theoretical and practical completeness, complexity and creates the preconditions for the promotion of sharing in such a confguration as a new model of economic development.

The article is devoted to the development of the Federal loan bond market in the context of the fnancial crisis and the sanctions pressure. Federal loan bonds are considered as one of the most reliable exchange-traded instruments. That is due to the relatively low yield of Federal loan bonds and the very nature of the instrument, which is determined by the fact of lending money to the state. The paper examines the role of non-residents in the Federal loan bond market in order to estimate its sensitivity to Federal loan bond dumping by non-residents and its impact on Russia’s economic security. It shows how the dumping of Federal loan bonds by non-residents can affect the exchange rate in particular and the economy of the Russian Federation as a whole, and also describes potential sources of threats, which if implemented, could subject our economic system to critical stress, what may lead to loss of economic security. There are diagrams showing the impact of Federal loan bond sales and demand for them by non-residents on the economy. The key structural elements that influence the situation under consideration and shape the impact of the Federal loan bond market on the Russian economy are identifed.

The article considers measures of state support for the population and economy of Russia and summarizes the world experience of the budget support in some foreign countries affected by the coronavirus pandemic. The research and generalization performed in the following areas: applied forms of support, methods of fnancing, particularities in supporting the fnancial sector, manufacturing sector, small and medium business, population, social sphere, health care, support of regions. The study took into account two negative factors: the rapid spread of COVID-19 and its harmful impact on the global economy; the collapse in oil prices and the depreciation of the ruble. Under the influence of those factors, the Russian economy in the second quarter of 2020, according to Rosstat, declined by 8% year – on-year, and for the frst half of the year-by 3.4%. The country’s GDP, according to the Ministry of economic development, decreased by 4.3% in annual terms, and for 8 months from the beginning of this year by 3.6%.Given the circumstances, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia developed a national plan for the recovery of the Russian economy in 2020–2021, which was adopted and approved by the Government on September 23, 2020. The consequences of COVID-19 have negatively affected the actions of most European companies in Russia. With more than half of them (56%), sales fell, and a third of companies (33%) had to cut their advertising and marketing research budgets (21%).The article assesses the economic situation of Russia against the global background. Although the economies of the US, UK, and EU countries have fallen much more deeply than the Russian one, they will recover sooner than we do, since these countries have invested signifcantly more money in supporting their economies than Russia. We have allocated no more than 3% of GDP to support the economy, while in developed countries at least 10%, and in Germany – 22%.The pandemic has hit small and medium-sized businesses the hardest for two reasons: a reduction in the number of consumers and increasing costs, and, frst of all, rental rates. To restore small and medium-sized businesses, it is proposed to provide monetary support directly to the population in order to raise effective demand, or partially remove the tax and administrative burden on entrepreneurs. In conclusion, taking into account foreign experience and the real state of the economy, recommendations for its recovery are formulated.

The article analyzes the quantitative and structural stability of Russian small business and identifes the model features of its functioning. It investigates the dynamics of development of Russian small business is investigated and notes a downward trend in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises over the past two years. A conclusion is drawn that the quantitative indicators reflecting its functioning are highly sensitive to the negative effects of the macroeconomic environment. The author introduces a concept of the small business heterogeneity and brings up its structural characteristics, represented by various categories of small and medium-sized frms.

Comparative analysis of the Russian small business model with foreign small business confrms its quantitative and structural instability. That makes the considered sector of the national economy vulnerable to shocks (externalities), including the COVID-19 pandemic. It is assumed that the negative consequences of the pandemic will affect Russian small businesses more than foreign ones, and the gap in their development levels will widen. An assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Russian small business and a forecast of its development are made in the context of limited government support and the absence of active bank lending.

The author in the article examines the process of formation of OPEC as a regulator of the world oil market. He reveals the background causes for its creation and shows the key stages of the Organization’s development. The author considers the issues and prospects for the further evolution of the Organization, as well as the oil sector influencing the development of the participating countries. The article also defnes mechanisms that allow OPEC to have an effect on the oil market: they are “free production capacities” of the Organization’s countries, and the production quotas system. It analyzes periods of the growth and decline in the oil prices, production volumes, as well as the events preceding them. The article states that for more than half a century of history, OPEC has become one of the key players in the world oil market.

The article assesses a signifcance of the most important component of the agreement on accession to the WTO, namely the agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs), in increasing the attractiveness of developing countries to investors from abroad. In addition, traditional determinants of FDI placement, such as the macroeconomic stability, trade openness, and economic development, are considered. The authors carry out an analysis in the feld of regulation of TRIMs by the example of economic policies in developing countries. The study shows that the extent to which TRIMs contributed to achieving the goals varied signifcantly, reflecting the specifc economic and political conditions of the country using them. In some cases, they played a role in encouraging foreign companies to make more use of local sources or increase their exports from the host country. In other cases, the impact seemingly was negligible.

Today, a regional economic integration is one of the main tendencies in global economic development. The world economic globalization is in the formative stage and most of the countries adhere to protectionism with regards to trade and economic co-operation. In those conditions, the countries opt for regional trade and economic integration. Mongolia is a country, which is not sufciently enough participating in regional trade and economic integration. In 2016, Mongolia signed only one Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan. According to the trade theory, FTA is most useful to the countries, which have similar level of economic development. In that case, most favorable direction for Mongolia in regional trade and economic integration is the Eurasian Economic Union.

The article examines an investment contract in relation to other types of civil contracts. The types, classifcations and methods of concluding investment contracts are investigated. The author analyzes the new institutions for the Russian legal feld - “investment partnership” and “agreement on the protection and encouragement of investment”. The latter is considered, inter alia, as a tool for the implementation of investment projects using government support measures.

Modern scientifc conferences held at universities have the main task, frst of all, to present innovative scientifc results to the audience. And the scientifc conference is all the more signifcant, the greatest contribution to science is made by the developments presented at it. That is especially important in such a complex, multifaceted and unstable science as economics. The world today is unstable. The generally accepted model of the formation of a global world economic system, into which all countries were supposed to gradually integrate on the basis of the international division of labor, is undergoing a crisis [Zenkina, Begma 2020, p. 58]. The annual international scientific conference, Chayanovskie Chtenia, held at the Russian State University for the Humanities has a long-standing scientifc tradition. The conference always attracted the leading scientists - economists who presented their scientific reports to a large scientifc audience. The article is devoted to a short review of the already past twentieth Chayanov conferences.